The purpose of the study was to examine the features of heart rate variability in experimental hyper- and hypofunction of the pineal gland, complicated by adrenal myocardial dystrophy. Materials and methods. To solve the set tasks, three models of functional states were created: hypo-, hyperfunction of the pineal gland, adrenaline myocardial dystrophy. Hypermelatoninemia was reproduced by administering melatonin. The hypofunction of the pineal gland was simulated by round-the-clock lighting. An experimental model of cardiac pathology, namely adrenaline myocardial dystrophy, was reproduced by administering adrenaline hydrochloride. The degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms and mechanisms of nervous regulation was assessed by mathematical analysis of heart rate variability. Results and discussion. The task of mathematical analysis is to extract “hidden information” and thereby assess the state and degree of tension of the regulatory mechanisms of the whole organism. According to the authors, mathematical analysis allows a differentiated approach to the assessment of regulatory effects, which is done by the nervous autonomic system, subcortical structures and the cerebral cortex. The data obtained by the authors suggest that the introduction of adrenaline in conditions of hypofunction of the pineal gland have cause-and-effect changes. These changes lead to disorders of autonomic regulation and possibly a trigger mechanism for a decrease in melatonin production by the pineal gland. Studies have shown that one of the advantages in conditions of hyperfunction of the pineal gland is the dominant role of parasympathetic processes in the mechanisms of adaptation of the heart to conditions of adrenal myocardial dystrophy. Timely and sufficient activation of melatonin provides a high efficiency of compensatory-adaptive changes and a positive role in increasing myocardial resistance. Conclusion. The results of the study showed that the dynamics of changes in the values of the indicators of the mathematical analysis of the heart rate in adrenal myocardial dystrophy against the background of hypo- and hyperfunction of the pineal gland revealed unidirectional changes. These changes are manifested in a decrease in heart rate, stress index and vegetative balance indicator. Consequently, the results obtained suggest that the introduction of melatonin against the background of adrenal myocardial dystrophy has a general corrective effect on the restoration of the functional state of the heart. Based on the results, the authors consider it appropriate to continue the study of the influence of various stressors on the functional state of the heart in conditions of different physiological activity of the pineal gland

Keywords: heart, pineal gland, heart rate variability, adrenal myocardial dystrophy

Full text: PDF (Ukr) 255K

1. Emet M, Ozcan H, Ozel L, Yayla M, Halici Z, Hacimuftuoglu A. A review of melatonin, its receptors and drugs. Eurasian J Med. 2016;48:135–141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27551178. PMCID: PMC4970552. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.0267
2. Amaral FGD, Cipolla-Neto J. A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2018;62(4):472-479. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30304113. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-3997000000066
3. Tan DX, Xu B, Zhou X, Reiter RJ. Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated Health Consequences and Rejuvenation of the Pineal Gland. Molecules. 2018 Jan 31;23(2):301. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385085. PMCID: PMC6017004. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020301
4. Amosova EN. Metabolicheskaja terapija povrezhdenija miokarda, obuslovlennogo ishemiej: novyj podhod k lecheniju ishemicheskoj bolezni serdca i serdechnoj nedostatochnosti [Metabolic therapy of ischemic myocardial injury: a new approach to the treatment of coronary artery disease and heart failure]. Ukr kardіol zhurn. 2000;4:85–92. [Russian]
5. Lishnevskaja VYu. Metabolicheskaja terapija v kardiologii: sovremennye podhody k vyboru preparatov [Metabolic therapy in cardiology: modern approaches to the choice of drugs]. Praktichna angіologіja. 2007;4:61–64. [Russian]
6. Sistemnij harakter porushen' metabolіzmu, aktivnostі zapalennja, oksidantnogo stresu ta aterogennostі plazmi u hvorih na іshemіchnu hvorobu sercja [Systemic character of impairment of metabolism, activity of inflammation, oxidative stress and atherogenicity of plasmas in ailments on ischemic ailment of the heart]. Ukr kardіol zhurn. 2007;3:8–18. [Ukrainian]
7. Claustrat B, Leston J. Melatonin: Physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie. 2015;61(2-3):77-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2015.03.002
8. Li Y, Li S, Zhou Y, Meng X, Zhang J, Xu DP, Li HB. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:39896–39921. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28415828. PMCID: PMC5503661. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16379
9. Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Tan DX, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Qin L, Yang SF, et al. Melatonin, a full service anti-cancer agent: inhibition of initiation, progression and metastasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:843. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28420185. PMCID: PMC5412427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040843
10. Ortiz GG, Moráles-Sánchez EW, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Jiménez-Gil FJ, Macías-Islas MA, Mireles-Ramírez MA, et al. Efecto de la administración de melatonina sobre la actividad de la ciclooxigenasa-2, la concentración sérica de metabolitos del óxido nítrico, los lipoperóxidos y la actividad de la glutatión peroxidasa en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson [Effect of melatonin administration on cyclooxygenase-2 activity, serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites, lipoperoxides and glutathione peroxidase activity in patients with Parkinson’s disease]. Gaceta medica de Mexico. 2017;153(Suppl 2): S72-S81. https://doi.org/10.24875/GMM.M17000008
11. European Convention for the Protection of vertebrate animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes. Strasburg: Council of Europe; 1986. No 125: 52 p.
12. Al'-Dzhassabi S. Inducirovannoe mikrocistinom obrazovanie 8-gidroksideoksiguanozina v DNK i snizhenie urovnja ego soderzhanija u myshej v prisutstvii melatonina, vitamina S i vitamina E [Microcystin-induced formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA and a decrease in its level in mice in the presence of melatonin, vitamin C and vitamin E]. Biohimija. 2006;71(10):1377–1382. [Russian]
13. Biologicheskie mehanizmy starenija [Biological mechanisms of aging]. V Mezhdunarodnyj simpozium. Harkivskij derzh un-t; 2020. 2002. 22 p. [Russian]
14. Bondarenko LA. Sutochnye ritmy vkljuchenija 3N-melatonina v organy gipotalamo-gipofizarno-tireoidnoj sistemy u krys v opytah in vitro [Diurnal rhythms of 3H-melatonin incorporation into the organs of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system in rats in in vitro experiments]. Bull Eksp Biol Med. 2007;143(6):693–695. [Russian]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18239818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-007-0231-7
15. Otstavlennye effekty rannego postnatal'nogo vvedenija jepifizarnogo gormona melatonina na audiogennye sudorogi krys linii Krushinskogo-Molodkinoj [Delayed effects of early postnatal administration of the epiphyseal hormone melatonin on audiogenic seizures in Krushinsky-Molodkina rats]. Zhurnal vysshej nervnoj dejatel'nosti. 2005;55(1):117–125. [Russian]
16. Huraliuk VM. Stres-indukovani morfofunktsionalni zminy nadnyrkovykh zaloz za riznoi dovzhyny fotoperiodu [Stress-induced morphofunctional changes of the adrenal glands at different lengths of the photoperiod]. Abstr. PhD (Med.). Chernivtsi; 2008. 18 p. [Ukrainian]
17. Pishak VP. Shyshkopodibne tilo i biokhimichni osnovy adaptatsii [Cone-shaped body and biochemical bases of adaptation]. Chernivtsi: Medakademiia; 2003. 152 p. [Ukrainian]
18. Printsipy i metody eksperimentalnoy otsenki deystviya vrednykh veshchestv na serdechno-sosudistuyu sistemu s tselyu gigiyenicheskogo normirovaniya. Metodicheskiye ukazaniya [Principles and methods of experimental evaluation of the effect of harmful substances on the cardiovascular system for the purpose of hygienic regulation: Methodological guidelines]. 1979;12: 9. [Russian]
19. Slyvka YuI. Patohenetychne obgruntuvannia vykorystannia povnoho holoduvannia ta shliakhy pidvyshchennia yoho efektyvnosti pry urazhenniakh sertsia [Pathogenetic substantiation of the use of complete fasting and ways to increase its effectiveness in heart disease]. Abstr. Dr. Sci. (Med.). Odesa; 2004. 32 s. [Ukrainian]
20. Khara MR. Osoblyvosti strukturnoho poshkodzhennia sertsia pry adrenalinovii miokardiodystrofii u shchuriv z riznymy typamy reaktyvnosti [Features of structural damage to the heart in adrenaline myocardial infarction in rats with different types of reactivity]. Ukrainskyi medychnyi almanakh. 2000;3(3):168–171. [Ukrainian]
21. Bayevskiy RM. Kiberneticheskiy analiz protsessov upravleniya serdechnym ritmom [Cybernetic analysis of heart rate control processes]. In: Aktualnyye problemy fiziologii i patologii krovoobrashcheniya [Actual problems of physiology and pathology of blood circulatio]. M: Meditsina; 1976. p. 161–175. [Russian]
22. Bayevskiy RM. Statisticheskiy, korrelyatsionnyy i spektralnyy analiz pulsa v fiziologii i klinike [Statistical, correlation and spectral analysis of pulse in physiology and clinic]. In: Matematicheskiye metody analiza serdechnogo ritma [Mathematical Methods for Heart Rate Analysis]. M: Meditsina; 1969. p. 51–61. [Russian]
23. Bayevskiy RM. Matematicheskiy analiz izmeneniy serdechnogo ritma pri stresse [Mathematical analysis of changes in heart rate under stress]. M: Nauka; 1984. 220 p. [Russian]
24. Reiter RJ, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Alatorre-Jimenez M, Qin L. Melatonin as an antioxidant: under promises but over delivers. J Pineal Res. 2016;61(3):253–278. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27500468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12360
25. Manchester LC, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Andersen LPH, Zhou Z, Galano A, et al. Melatonin: An ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable. J Pineal Res. 2015;59:403–419. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26272235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12267
26. Arushanian EB, Beĭer EV. Uchastie jepifiza v antistressornom dejstvii adaptogennyh sredstv [Participation of pineal gland in antistressor activity of adaptogenic drugs]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2015;78(1):9–12. [Russian] https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2015-78-1-9-12
27. Barabash RD. Kazeinoliticheskaya i BAEE-esteraznaya aktivnost slyuny i slyunnykh zhelez u krys v postnatalnom ontogeneze [Caseinolytic and BAEE-esterase activity of saliva and salivary glands in rats in postnatal ontogenesis]. Bull Eksp Biol Med. 1973; 8:65-67 [Russian]
28. Meyerson FZ. Patogenez i preduprezhdeniye stressornykh i ishemicheskikh povrezhdeniy serdtsa [Pathogenesis and prevention of stress and ischemic heart damage]. M: Meditsina; 1984. 269 p. [Russian]
29. Korkushko OV, Shatilo VB, Pisaruk AV, Romanenko MS. Biorytmy, melatonin ta starinnia [Biorhythms, melatonin and aging]. Zhurnal praktych likaria. 2004;1:38–43. [Ukrainian]
30. Vishnevskiy AA. Fosfoinozitidnyy otvet i izmeneniye svobodnoradikalnogo okisleniya pri katekholaminovom kardionekroze u krys [Phosphoinositide Response and Changes in Free Radical Oxidation in Catecholamine Cardionecrosis in Rats]. Bull Eksp Biol Med. 1995; 8:137–139. [Russian]
31. Maslov LN. Antiaritmicheskoye deystviye agonistov μ-opiatnykh retseptorov pri adrenalovykh aritmiyakh: rol vegetativnoy nervnoy sistemy [Antiarrhythmic action of μ-opiate receptor agonists in adrenal arrhythmias: the role of the autonomic nervous system]. Bull Eksp Biol Med. 1996; 122:25–27. [Russian]. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02446018
32. Korkushko OV. Svyaz ishemii miokarda s sutochnymi ritmami serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy i vegetativnogo tonusa u patsiyentov pozhilogo vozrasta s IBS [Relationship of myocardial ischemia with circadian rhythms of the cardiovascular system and autonomic tone in elderly patients with coronary artery disease]. Krovoobіg ta gemostaz. 2007; 3:5–11. [Russian]