The article deals with a fundamental analysis of the Ukrainian authors and foreign experimental and theoretical sources in the direction of optical diagnostics of bioobjects. We described optical characterization methods of formation of layered images of biological objects. They are the following: - optical coherent tomography, which helps receiving internal images biotechnology (coordinate distributions of intensities); - polarization sensitive optical coherent tomography, which is aimed at getting the distribution azimuths and ellipticity of polarization of images of bioobjects on different depths; - polarization nepelometry based on matrix analysis light scattering on a biological object (Müller matrix). The method of optical coherent tomography uses low-coherence interferometry to obtain internal images at a given depth. Polarizing sensitive optical coherent tomography uses information embedded in polarization states of laser radiation, providing high spatial resolution of information on the state of reflected radiation polarization. An important result of using this method is the possibility of obtaining polarizing image maps of a biological object at different depths. Along with the statistical approaches in optical diagnostics, methods of fractal analysis of the geometric structure of phase-inhomogeneous layers were used. It is shown that fractal analysis can be used to describe many natural phenomena. The prospect is the possibility of diagnosis and classification of phase-inhomogeneous surfaces of biological tissues on statistical and fractal studies in the field of scattered radiation. The study carried out the analysis of the diagnostics and classification of rough surfaces of biological tissues for the fractal and statistical studies of the field of diffracted radiation. As a result, we proposed the model of consideration of biological tissue as an amorphous – crystalline model of construction of biotechnics from optical parameters of their architectonic grid. In the framework of this model, the dependence of the angular distributions of the indicatrix elements of the Müller matrix of biodegradation on the optical parameters of their architectonic grid was substantiated. It helped establish the relationship between the orientation distributions and the magnitude of the birefringence of the biotin composition and the relative values of the elements of the Müller matrix. The method of stoopolarimetric differentiation of pathological changes in the architecture of structured bioassays was developed on this basis. Müller matrix modeling and diagnostics of the optico-geometric structure of biosphere were supplemented and developed by the use of the matrix operator of Jones to describe the processes of transformation of the amplitude-phase structure of laser coherent radiation. As a result, new information was obtained on the structure of biosynthesis in the form of phase and orientational tomograms of their architectonics.

Keywords: lasers, nephelometry, polarization, Mueller matrix

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