ISSN 2415-3060 (print), ISSN 2522-4972 (online)
  • 17 of 59
Up
JMBS 2016, 1(1): 80–85
https://doi.org/10.26693/jmbs01.01.080
Medicine

The Possibility of Using CARAT Questionnaire for Screening of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma

Petrischak A.A.1, Petrischak V.V.2, Kolesnyk P.O.2
Abstract

Introduction: allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARIA) – disease of inflammatory genesis and often associated with lack of control of these diseases that cause a significant reduction in quality of life for the patient and important social and economic burden. According to international recommendations, disease control is a major challenge in the treatment of allergic diseases of respiratory way. Guidelines "Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA)" stressed the importance of a comprehensive approach for assessment and control of ARA. Thus, in the fight against disease, the problem should be considered at the same time as the pathology of the upper and lower respiratory ways. Based on definition of control of asthma from the Global initiative of asthma, control over a chronic disease can be characterized so: patients feel the minimum symptoms, seldom need preparations of so-called ambulance, all physiological functions are close to norm, so patients don't experience restrictions in activity and extremely seldom have aggravations. By 2009 some questionnaires on quality of life of the patient, symptoms and weight in points, also some questionnaires were developed for an assessment of control of a disease. To a lesser extent the same occurred and for allergic rhinitis. Nevertheless, it wasn't developed any questionnaire for simultaneous control of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Actually, only Rhinasthma made attempt, but the questionnaire was intended for an assessment of the quality of life connected with influence of these diseases. In the same time there was the first publication which described the tool for simultaneous control of symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma in the form of test (CARAT). The CARAT developers checked some questionnaires to estimate control of rhinitis and asthmas. Researches of that time strengthened relations of rhinitis and asthma, and ARIA more than 10 years recommended simultaneous estimates and managements of these diseases. Also there were researches which likely indicated the need of creations of the universal questionnaire. In cross research of patients with asthma from 85 establishments of primary medical care in the United Kingdom, rhinitis was identified as the main predictor of bad control of asthma. Besides, data from the Western Sweden on research of asthma connect extent of control of symptoms of rhinitis with risk of emergence or clinically imperceptible several symptoms of asthma. After creation of the questionnaire in 2009 cross research was made in which researchers carried out the factorial analysis with the aim to reduce the questionnaire and to estimate its suitability in daily practice. CARAT 10 (that is the 10th viewing) was created. Subsequently the questionnaire was offered as the first tool for realization of the principles of ARIA in clinical practice, after all to serve the set purpose; this tool has to have the corresponding properties for an assessment of asthma and allergic rhinitis prolonged in time. For the proof of effectiveness research in 4 Portuguese central hospitals was conducted. At the initial examination and re-examination (4-6 weeks interval) patients completed CARAT 10 and complete clinical and laboratory examination. From the 62 patients included in the study, 51 patients completely filled out the questionnaire during both visits. Reliability of retesting computed as the correlation coefficient within the class and was equal to 0.82. As for the response to treatment in clinically unstable patients, it was 95% (p = 0.002), and sensitivity by Guyatt index was 1.54. As for an assessment longitudinal actions, coefficients of correlation of changes of indicators were in the range from 0,49 to 0,65 while with an assessment of the doctor they fluctuated from 0,31 to 0,41. So these researches showed that CARAT 10 has good reliability of results at repeated testing, and is suitable for long researches in time. Also it can be used for an assessment of control of allergic rhinitis and asthma, both for comparison of groups in clinical trials and for an assessment of certain patients in clinical practice. So since 2012 the questionnaire of CARAT is applied in many European countries as a stage of primary survey by the family doctor to the best differential diagnostics, and to monitoring of progressing of an illness and adequacy of basic therapy and preparations of ambulance. Eventually concept "one respiratory way - one illness" was transformed to the plane of allergic rhinitis and its influence on asthma (ARIA), combining the safe and effective treatment of both diseases focused on optimum control of symptoms both at adults, and at children. By 2014 some more questionnaires for control separately of asthma or rhinitis at adults were offered. For children the Practical Allergy (PRACTALL) also created some questionnaires for children with asthma. But still nobody undertook to estimate control of rhinitis. For the solution of this problem researchers aimed the forces at the development of CARATkids - questionnaires for a simultaneous assessment of control of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma at children aged till 12 years. In Russia it was prepared a questionnaire for children from 4 to 12 years with 17 questions with illustrations and an answer with dichotomizing format (yes/no). 29 answers were received from children and their trustees. The so-called share of the agreement between parents and children made 61%. That is parents in rather considerable degree imposed an assessment of symptoms to the children. It once again confirmed need of creation of a questionnaire for patients of early age. The preliminary conclusions of research are as follows: picture illustrating action, but not mood are extremely useful and informative. Reliable it is possible to consider answers of children of 6 years as they well understand all words about which asked in the questionnaire. As still there is no evidential base on absolute truthfulness of results of the questionnaire for children, we, yet, can't use CARATkids in daily practice. But this fact doesn't disprove suppressing effectiveness and efficiency of Carat for adults. Purpose: introduction in daily practice to doctors of primary and secondary link of delivery of health care the test control of allergic rhinitis and asthma (CARAT). Materials and methods of research. At a stage of screening by the family doctor, we distributed 29 questionnaires to patients aged from 12 till 18 years which were passive smokers or had: - The family anamnesis burdened by an atopia; - The relapsing broncho-obstructive syndrome; - Frequent and long rhinosinusitis (>3 weeks); - Eosinophilia (< 20%) at the carried-out dehelminthization; Parents of respondents asked not to help patients with answers. Irrespective of result of the questionnaire, all respondents were examined by the allergist for confirmation or a denial of the possible diagnosis of respiratory allergoz. For each patient allergologic history was collected and physical examination was carried out. Also to each child skin prik-tests with mixed allergens pollen No. 1,2,3,4 and mixed allergen household No. 5 by means of lancets for the rotational prik-test of 1 type of “Immunology” firm were made. During other part of research, the treating allergolog distributed 40 questionnaires to patients at the age of 12-18 years, with already established diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma. At repeated visit (in 3 months), 34 patients who strictly adhered to appointments, physical examination and repeated re-survey of CARAT was conducted. Results and discussion. At the first stage from 29 patients directed to the allergist two (7%) were found with the positive test for allergic rhinitis and asthma (CARAT). But only at one the sensitization to household allergens was confirmed and the diagnosis allergic year-round rhinitis is established. In the others 27 (93%) patients, with negative skin tests and the negative CARAT test, it wasn't revealed signs respiratory to an allergoz. Consultation of adjacent experts for continuation of diagnostic search was recommended to these patients. At the second investigation phase, during the next survey the allergist, the following results were received: - 11 (32%) from 34 patients subjectively estimated the condition showed results of a questionnaire better. From what we can draw a conclusion that patients got used to a new way of life with an illness and expedient will compare quality of life of the patient in dynamics, but not in comparison with the healthy person. - 7 (20%) patients had to a bronchial asthma and had manifestations of year-round allergic rhinitis which needed additional treatment, with taking into consideration the fact that rhinitis can disturb full control of bronchial asthma. - In 14 (41%) respondents - results of the second survey significantly (more than 3 points) differed from the first that caused correction of basic therapy. Conclusions. Thus, CARAT: Gives one more opportunity of control of the course of respiratory allergoz and selection of an adequate dose and frequency rate of drug intake; At patients with bronchial asthma and the accompanying allergic rhinitis beforehand reminds about need of monitoring or even treatment of the accompanying allergic rhinitis; Improves compliance and building of partnerships "patient - doctor"; Gives the chance quickly and cheap to help with screening of respiratory allergoz at an initial stage of delivery of health care as shows high reliability of results (93%). Prospects for further research. At the moment in Ukraine other questionnaires which help to control the course of bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma at the same time are registered. Therefore the purpose of further researches is to compare these questionnaires from CARAT profiles and identification of that that gives the most probable results, it is available and clear for children and fast in filling.

Keywords: asthma, allergic rhinitis, questionnaire, children, CARAT

Full text: PDF (Ukr) 102K

References
  1. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, Eigenmann PA, Frischer T, Götz M, Helms PJ, Hunt J, Liu A, Papadopoulos N, Platts-Mills T, Pohunek P, Simons FE, Valovirta E, Wahn U, Wildhaber J. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008; 63 (l): 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01586.x
  2. Baiardini I, Pasquali M, Giardini A, et al. Rhinasthma: A new specific QoL questionnaire for patients with rhinitis and asthma. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003; 58 (4): 289-94. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2003.00079.x
  3. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108 (5 Suppl): S147-334. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11707753
  4. Bousquet J, Bousquet PJ, Godard P, Daures JP. The public health implications of asthma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83 (7): 548-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/PMC2626301
  5. Bousquet PJ, Combescure C, Neukirch F, Klossek JM, Méchin H, Daures JP, Bousquet J. Visual analog scales can assess the severity of rhinitis graded according to ARIA guidelines. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2007; 62 (4): 367-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01276.x
  6. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A, Zuberbier T, Baena-Cagnani CE, Canonica GW, van Weel C, Agache I, Aït-Khaled N, Bachert C, Blaiss MS, Bonini S, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA2LEN and AllerGen). Allergy: Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 63 (Suppl. 86): 8-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x
  7. Bousquet J, Schunemann HJ, Zuberbier T, Bachert C, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bousquet PJ, Brozek J, Canonica GW, Casale TB, Demoly P, Gerth van Wijk R, Ohta K, Bateman ED, Calderon M, Cruz AA, et al. Development and implementation of guidelines in allergic rhinitis - an ARIA-GA2LEN paper. Allergy. 2010; 65 (10): 1212-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02480.x
  8. Boulet LP, Milot How J, Milot J. should we quantify asthma control? A proposal. Chest. 2002; 122 (6): 2217-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12475866
  9. Braunstahl GJ, Fokkens W. Nasal involvement in allergic asthma. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003; 58 (12): 1235-43. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0105-4538.2003.00354.x
  10. Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bonini S, Canonica GW, Casale TB, van Wijk RG, Ohta K, Zuberbier T, Schünemann HJ. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126 (3): 466-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.047
  11. Clatworthy J, Price D, Ryan D, Haughney J, Horne R. The value of self-report assessment of adherence, rhinitis and smoking in relation to asthma control. Prim Care Respir J. 2009; 18 (4): 300-5. https://doi.org/10.4104/pcrj.2009.00037
  12. Demoly P, Jankowski R, Chassany O, Bessah Y, Allaert FA. Validation of a self-questionnaire for assessing the control of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011; 41 (6): 860-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03734.x
  13. Ducharme FM, Davis GM, Noya F, Pierre Ernst. The Asthma Quiz for Kidz: a validated tool to appreciate the level of asthma control in children. Can Respir J. 2004; 11 (8): 541-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/783740
  14. Fonseca JA, Delgado L, Costa-Pereira A, et al. Evaluation of the Asthma Life Quality test for the screening and severity assessment of asthma. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 59 (11): 1198-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00515.x
  15. Fonseca JA, Nogueira-Silva L, Morais-Almeida M, et al. Validation of a questionnaire (CARAT 10) to assess rhinitis and asthma in patients with asthma. Allergy. 2010; 65 (8): 1042-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02310.x
  16. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2007. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org.
  17. Joao A, Luis Nogueira-Silva, Mario Morais-Almeida, Ana Sa-Sousa, Luis F Azevedo, Jose Ferreira, Manuel Branco-Ferreira, Rodrigo Rodrigues-Alves, Antonio Bugalho-Almeida, Jean Bousquet. Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) can be used to assess individual patients over time. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 2012; 2: 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-2-16.
  18. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH. Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in rhinoconjunctivitis. Clinical and Experimental Allergy.1991; 21 (l): 77-83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2021881
  19. Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Epstein RS, Ferrie PJ, Jaeschke R, Hiller TK. Evaluation of impairment of health related quality of life in asthma: Development of a questionnaire for use in clinical trials. Thorax. 1992; 47 (2): 76-83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/PMC463574
  20. Juniper EF, O'Byme PM, Guyatt GH, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure asthma control. European Respiratory Journal. 1999; 14 (4): 902-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10573240
  21. Kilpelaïnen M, Terho EO, Helenius H, Koskenvuo M. Validation of a new questionnaire on asthma, allergic rhinitis, and conjunctivitis in young adults. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001; 56 (5): 377-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11350300
  22. Liu AH, Zeiger R, Sorkness C, Mahr T, Ostrom N, Burgess S, Rosenzweig JC, Manjunath R. Development and cross-sectional validation of the Childhood Asthma Control Test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 119 (4): 817-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.662
  23. Lotvall J, Ekerljung L, Lundback B. Multi-symptom asthma is closely related to nasal blockage, rhinorrhea and symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis - evidence from the West Sweden Asthma Study. Respir Res. 2010; 11 (1): 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-163
  24. Luis Miauel Borreao, Fonseca Joao Almeida, Pereira Ana Maraarida, Vera Reimão Pinto, Daniela Linhares, Mário Morais-Almeida. Development process and cognitive testing of CARATkids - Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for children. BMC Pediatrics. 2014; 14: 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-34
  25. Marks GB, Dunn SM, Woolcock AJ. An evaluation of an asthma quality of life questionnaire as a measure of change in adults with asthma. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993; 46 (10): 1103-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90109-E
  26. Murphy KR, Zeiger RS, Kosinski M, Sulabha Ramachandran. Test for respiratory and asthma control in kids (TRACK): a caregiver-completed questionnaire for preschool-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 123 (4): 833-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.058
  27. Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, Murray JJ, Pendergraft TB. Development of the Asthma Control Test: A survey for assessing asthma control. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 113 (l): 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.008
  28. Revicki DA, Leidy NK, Brennan-Diemer F, Sorensen S, Togias A. Integrating patient preferences into health outcomes assessment: The multiattribute asthma symptom utility index. Chest. 1998; 114 (4): 998-1007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9792568
  29. Skinner EA, Diette GB, Algatt-Bergstrom PJ, Nguyen TT, Clark RD, Markson LE, Wu AW. The Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire (ATAQ) for children and adolescents. Dis Manag. 2004; 7 (4): 305-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/dis.2004.7.305
  30. Schatz M, Meltzer EO, Nathan R, Derebery MJ, Mintz M, Stanford RH, Dalal AA, Silvey MJ, Kosinski M. Psychometric validation of the rhinitis control assessment test: a brief patient-completed instrument for evaluating rhinitis symptom control. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010; 104 (2): 118-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.063
  31. Vollmer WM, Markson LE, O'Connor E, Sanocki LL, Fitterman L, Berger M, Buist AS. Association of asthma control with health care utilization and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160 (5/1): 1647-52. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9902098