ISSN 2415-3060 (print), ISSN 2522-4972 (online)
  • 7 of 59
Up
УЖМБС 2020, 5(5): 60–65
https://doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.05.060
Experimental Medicine and Morphology

Peculiarities of Development and Embryotopography of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands in the Fetal Period of Human Development

Lopushniak L. Ya., Khmara T. V., Oliinyk I. Yu., Stelmakh G. Ya., Leka M. Yu., Bernik N. V.
Abstract

Active implementation of perinatal prevention and treatment of congenital malformations requires modern approaches and methods of research of intrauterine development, the use of which is impossible without a comprehensive morphological study of development of the structure and topography of organs and structures of various systems in the early period of human ontogenesis. A priority task of the modern anatomy is the study of patterns of prenatal morphogenesis and syntopia of human endocrine glands. The purpose of the research was to study the peculiarities of the development and formation of the topography of the thyroid and parathyroid glands during the human embryonic period. Material and methods. The study was performed using microscopy of a series of consecutive histological sections of 18 human embryos of 4.0-13.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length and graphical reconstruction. Results and discussion. The thyroid gland forms as the epithelium cell’s protrusion along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, and appears on the 4th week of embryonic development. The rudiments of parathyroid glands in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets appear during the 5th week of the development of fetus. In 6-week-old embryos, the thyroid gland enters into a complex syntopic relationships with adjacent organs and structures; herewith the topographic boundaries of the organ are not clearly defined. The growth of the thyroid gland goes along the common carotid arteries and gradually loses contact with the aortic arch. A diffuse vascular network is formed around the thyroid gland, which penetrates into it. It is clearly traced that the upper thyroid arteries originate from the external carotid arteries. At the end of the embryonic period the tempo of growth of thyroid gland acutely increases, the main variants of the thyroid gland's shape (with an isthmus and without an isthmus) can be defined. Conclusion. In the embryos of 4.0-4.5 mm parietal-coccygeal length, the thyroid gland's rudiment is detected as a protrusion of the epithelium along the midline between the I and II pharyngeal pockets, which begins to lose contact with the oropharyngeal cavity in embryos of 5.5-6.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length. Subsequently, appear close interrelations between the thyroid gland's rudiment and the arterial trunk. As a result of the formation of new syntopic connections of the thyroid gland’s rudiment with the IV pharyngeal arteries and the lower nodes of the vagus nerves, the thyroid gland's rudiment takes the form of a grooved plate that grows and models along the primitive aortic arch and localizes between the right and left common carotid arteries. The rudiments of the thyroid glands appear in embryos of 6.0-8.0 mm parietal-coccygeal length in the form of epithelial protrusions of the dorsal part of the III and IV pharyngeal pockets, from which in the future the lower and upper parathyroid glands will be formed, respectively. The critical periods of the thyroid and parathyroid glands development on the early stages of human ontogenesis are: 5th week – a period of intensive formation of the rudiments of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and 6th week – the formation of laryngeal cartilages and cellular structures of the neck

Keywords: thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, development, topography, embryo, human

Full text: PDF (Ukr) 464K

References
  1. Akhtemiichuk YuT, Red. Narysy perynatalnoi anatomii [Sketches of perinatal anatomy]. Chernivtsi: BDMU; 2011. 300 s. [Ukrainian]
  2. Lopushniak LYa, Khmara ТV, Boichuk ОМ, Ryznychuk MA, Shvyhar LV, Kryvchanska MI. Fetal anatomy of parathyroid glands. Wiadomości Lekarskie. 2020; 73(1): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202001109
  3. Sethi N, England RJA. Parathyroid surgery: from inception to the modern day. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2017; 78(6): 333-337. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2017.78.6.333 PMid:28614027
  4. Miller FR. Surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2003; 36(1): 1-7, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0030-6665(02)00132-9
  5. Peissig K, Condie BG, Manley NR. Embryology of the Parathyroid Glands. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018; 47(4): 733-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2018.07.002 PMid:30390809 PMCid:PMC6226091
  6. Kiviniemi H, Vornanen T, Mäkelä J. Prevention of complications of thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Duodecim. 2010; 126(3): 269-75. [Finnish]
  7. Mohebati A, Shaha AR. Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations. Clin Anat. 2012; 25(1): 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.21220 PMid:21800365
  8. Fancy T, Gallagher D 3rd, Hornig JD. Surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010; 43(2): 221-7, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2010.01.001 PMid:20510710
  9. Hojaij F, Vanderlei F, Plopper C, Rodrigues CJ, Jácomo A, Cernea C, Oliveira L, et al. Parathyroid gland anatomical distribution and relation to anthropometric and demographic parameters: a cadaveric study. Anat Sci Int. 2011; 86(4): 204-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-011-0111-0 PMid:21850415
  10. LoPinto M, Rubio GA, Khan ZF, Vaghaiwalla TM, Farra JC, Lew JI. Location of abnormal parathyroid glands: lessons from 810 parathyroidectomies. J Surg Res. 2017; 207: 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.045 PMid:27979480
  11. Cherenko SM, Larin OS, Sichynava RM, Khoperiia VH, Cherpak BD. Poperedzhennia pooperatsiinoho hipoparatyreozu u tyreoidnii khirurhii za dopomohoiu novoho metodu avtotransplantatsii pryshchytopodibnoi zalozy [Postoperative hypoparathyroidism prevention in thyroid surgery using a new method of parathyroid autotransplantation]. Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery. 2014; 3(48): 3-8. [Ukrainian] https://doi.org/10.24026/1818-1384.3-4(48).2014.75346
  12. Melo C, Pinheiro S, Carvalho L, Bernardes A. Identification of parathyroid glands: anatomical study and surgical implications. Surg Radiol Anat. 2015; 37(2): 161-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-014-1333-3 PMid:24969171
  13. Lappas D, Noussios G, Anagnostis P, Adamidou F, Chatzigeorgiou A, Skandalakis P. Location, number and morphology of parathyroid glands: results from a large anatomical series. Anat Sci Int. 2012; 87(3): 160-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-012-0142-1 PMid:22689148
  14. Noussios G, Anagnostis P, Natsis K. Ectopic parathyroid glands and their anatomical, clinical and surgical implications. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012; 120(10): 604-10. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327628 PMid:23174995
  15. Maleyev YuV, Chernykh AV. Individual'naya anatomicheskaya izmenchivost' peredney oblasti shei. Novyye podkhody i resheniya [Individual anatomic variability of forward area of a neck. New approaches and decisions]. Journal of experimental and clinical surgery. 2009; 2(4): 316-329. [Russian]