The formation of adaptive changes during physical activity remains a topical issue. Physical activity, as a stress factor, has a significant impact on blood. During exercise, various physiological processes are involved at the level of organs and systems in the body, which ensures the development of adaptation. It is known that immediately after physical activity, the number of circulating lymphocytes changes. An important role in the processes of adaptation to stress is also played by cytokines. Particular attention should be paid to interleukin-2, which is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and should determine the adaptation processes during training. Material and methods. In white mice, the effect of proinflammatory interleukin-2 on adaptation processes during training by forced swimming with additional mass was studied. The animals were injected with interleukin-2 in concentrations of 5000 IU/kg, 7500 IU/kg and 30000 IU/kg and determined the dynamics of the leukocyte formula. We also studied the activity of adaptation processes under blockade of interleukin-2 receptors. The activity of adaptation processes was judged with the help of L. H. Garkavi adaptation intensity index. It reflects the relationship of humoral and cellular links of the immune system. Results and discussion. The analysis of the adaptation intensity index value in the leukogram of mice showed heterogeneous shifts during different periods of the study. Under the influence of physical activity in all groups of animals there was an increase in the number of neutrophilic and a decrease in lymphocytes from the 2nd to the 6th week. Introduction of IL-2 in one concentration did not affect the number of eosinophils and basophils and caused a slight fluctuation in the number of young neutrophils and monocytes. At the same time, IL-2 had dose-dependent effects. Inhibition of IL-2 inhibits the production of monocytes, dramatically suppressed lymphocytes and increased the number of rod and segmented neutrophils. In low concentration IL-2 had no significant effect on adaptation to physical activity. In concentration of 30000 IU/kg, IL-2 caused the following change of reactions: increased activation (1 period) – calm activation (2-3 periods). In the concentration of 7500 IU/kg IL-2 in the 1st period provoked the stress reaction and further increased and quiet activation (2-3 periods). When blocking receptors to IL-2 there was no transition to the reaction of training or calm activation, which was an adverse factor in adaptation. Conclusion. The study showed that IL-2 had a dose-dependent effect on the leukogram of white mice during exercise. It is possible to draw a conclusion about features of such influence depending on duration of drug administration and physical activity of mice. IL-2 in different concentrations has a heterogeneous effect on the formation of the overall adaptive response of the organism

Keywords: adaptation, cytokines, Interleukin-2, training

Full text: PDF (Ukr) 369K

1. Suzdalnitskiy RS, Levando VA. Novye podkhody k ponimaniyu sportivnykh stressornykh immunodefitsitov [New approaches to understanding sports stress immunodeficiencies]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. 2003; 1: 18-22. [Russian]
2. Meerson FZ, Pshennikova MG. Adaptatsiya k stressornym situatsiyam i fizicheskim zagruzkam [Adaptation to stress situations and physical loads]. M: Meditsina; 1988. 256 s. [Russian]
3. Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiological Reviews. 2000; 80(3): 1055-81. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055 PMid:10893431
4. Sarapultsev PA, Sarapultsev AP. Stress i immunnaya sistema [Stress and the immune system]. Tsitokiny i vospalenie. 2014; 13(4): 5-10. [Russian] https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4010053 PMid:25379268 PMCid:PMC4219248
5. Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. The Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2019; 8(3): 201-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009 PMid:31193280 PMCid:PMC6523821
6. Melnikov VI. Uroven pro- i protivovospalitelnykh tsitokinov u sportsmenov vodnykh vidov sporta v period intensivnykh fizicheskikh nagruzok [The level of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in athletes of water sports during intense physical activity]. Fundamentalnye issledovaniya. 2011; 10: 122-125. [Russian]
7. Kozlov VA, Kudaeva OT. Immunnaya sistema i fizicheskie nagruzki [The immune system and physical activity]. Meditsinskaya immunologiya. 2002; 4(3): 427-38. [Russian]
8. Terra R, Silva SAG, Pinto VS, Dutra PML. Effect of exercise on immune system: response, adaptation and cell signaling. The Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2012; 18(3): 208-14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922012000300015
9. Gleeson M. Effects of exercise on immune function. Sports Science Exchange. 2015; 28 (151): 1-6.
10. Shvets VA, Gasyuk OM. Fizychna trenovanist bilykh myshey pid chas plavannya v umovakh stymulyatsiyi ta ingibuvannya interleykinu-2. [Physical training of white mice during swimming in conditions of stimulation and inhibition of Interleukin-2]. Ukrainskyy zhurnal medytsyny, biologiyi ta sportu. 2020; 4(26): 395-400. [Ukrainian] https://doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.04.395
11. Futornyi SM, Imas YeV, Osadcha OI, Shmatova EA, Hlukhovskyi PV. Osoblyvosti imunolohichnoi adaptatsii pid vplyvom znachnykh fizychnykh navantazhen [Features of immunological adaptation under the influence of significant physical exertion]. Naukovyi chasopys NPU imeni MP Drahomanova. 2018; 10(104): 93-8. [Ukrainian]
12. Abbas AK, Trotta ER, Simeonov D, Marson A, Bluestone JA. Revisiting IL-2: Biology and therapeutic prospects. Science Immunology. 2018; 3(25). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aat1482 PMid:29980618
13. Ovanesyan IG. Sovremennye predstavleniya o roli tsitokinov v gomeostaze [Modern concepts of the role of cytokines in homeostasis]. Nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2006; 4: 8-17. [Russian]
14. Malm C, Sjоdin TL, Sjоberg B, Lenkei R, Renstrоm P, et al. Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. The Journal of Physiology. 2004; 556(3): 983-1000. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.056598 PMid:14766942 PMCid:PMC1664987
15. Kashkin PK. Tsitokiny immunnoy sistemy: osnovnye svoystva i immunobiologicheskaya aktivnost [Cytokines of the immune system: basic properties and immunobiological activity]. Klinicheskaya laboratornaya diagnostika. 1999; 11: 21-32. [Russian]
16. Hoffmann C, Weigert C. Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: The Role of Myokines in Exercise Adaptations. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2017; 7(11). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029793 PMid:28389517 PMCid:PMC5666622
17. Malek ThR. The biology of Interleukin-2. The Annual Review of Immunology. 2008; 26: 453-79. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090357 PMid:18062768
18. Tang Q, Adams JY, Penaranda C, Melli K, Piaggio E, Sgouroudis E, et al. Central role of defective interleukin-2 production in the triggering of islet autoimmune destruction. Immunity. 2008; 28(5): 687-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.016 PMid:18468463 PMCid:PMC2394854
19. Tkachenko EA, Derkho MA. Leykotsitarnye indeksy pri eksperimentalnoy kadmievoy intoksikatsii myshey [Leukocyte indices in experimental cadmium intoxication in mice]. Izvestiya Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2014; 3(47): 81-83. [Russian]
20. Garkavi LKh, Kvakina EB, Ukolova MA. Adaptatsionnye reaktsii i rezistentnost organizma [Adaptive reactions and body resistance]. R-na-Donu: Rostovskiy universitet; 1990. 224 s. [Russian]
21. LKh Garkavi, Kvakina EB, Kuzmenko TS. Antistressornye reaktsii i aktivatsionnaya terapiya [Antistress reactions and activation therapy]. M: Kniga po Trebovaniyu; 2015. 559 s. [Russian]
22. Ko MH, Chang CK, Wu CL, Hou YC, Hong W, Fang SH. The interactive effect of exercise and immunosuppressant cyclosporin A on immune function in mice. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2010; 28(9): 967-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.481306 PMid:20563916